Chapter 40. Animal Organization & Homeostasis
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¡@¡@¾¹©x¨t²Îªºµ²ºc©M¥\¯à»Ýn¨Ì¾a¾¹©x¡B²Õ´©M¨ä¤¤ªº²ÓMªºµ²ºc»P¥\¯à¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¸zªº¬Wª¬¤W¥Ö§l¦¬¾i¥÷¡A¦Óºû²Óµ³¤ò¼W¥[§l¦¬ªí±¿n¡C°©Àf¦Ù¦×²ÓM¬OºÞª¬ªº¦Ó¥B¥]§t¤@¨Ç¦¨¤À¥i¨Ï¦¬ÁYªø«×¡C¯«¸g²ÓM¦³µÛªø¡B²Ó¬ð¥Xª«¥i¥H·h¹B¯«¸g¯ß½Ä¨ì»»»·ªº¯«¸g¾¹©x¡C
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- Epithelial tissue covers¡@¡@¦³¯á´Õ¹ïª«¦³¥|ºØ²Õ´¡A¤W¥Ö²Õ´Âл\¾ãÓ¨Åéªí±©M¶ñº¡ÅéµÄ¡Bµ²½l²Õ´µ²¦X©M¤ä¼µ¥ÍÅé¨CÓ³¡¤À¡B¦Ù¦×²Õ´¨Ï¥ÍÅé¨C³¡¥÷°Ê°_¨Ó¡B¯«¸g²Õ´¹ï¨ë¿E¤ÏÀ³©M¶Ç°e¯ß½Ä¡C
¡@¡@¤W¥Ö²Õ´¤]¥s¤W¥Ö¡A¨Åé¤W²Õ¦¨¤@³s¦êªº¥Ö¡A¶ñº¡ÅéµÄÁÙ¦³²Õ¦¨½uÅé¡C¨ä¤¤¤W¥Öªº¤@±¬O¼ÉÅS¦b¥Ö½§©Î¬OÅéµÄ¥~¡C¥t¤@±ÂH¦b°ò¼Ò¤W¡A³q±`¬O¤@±¯S®í²ÓM¥~°ò½è¡]¬Ý¹Ï5.14¡^¡C
¡@¡@¤@²ÓM§Îª¬¤ÀÃþ¡A¥i¥H¤À¥X¤TºØ¤W¥Ö²Õ´¡CÅ쪬¤W¥Ö¥]§t¤F«óªº²ÓM¡B¥ß¤è§Î¤W¥Ö¥]§t¤F¥ß¤è²ÓM¡B¬Wª¬§Î¤W¥Ö¥]§t¤F±`¾ò¶ê§Î²ÓM¡C¹Ï40.2´yz¤F¦³¯á´Õ°Êª«ªº¤W¥Öªºµ²ºc©M¥\¯à¥ô¦ó¤W¥Ö¥i¥H¬O²³æ¶¥¼h¤Æ¡C²³æ´N¬O²Õ´¥u¦³¤@¼h²ÓM¡A¶¥¼h¤Æ´N¬O²Õ´¬O¤@¼h¤@¼hÅ|¤W¥h¡C¤@ºØ¤W¥ÖÀÀ¦ü¶¥¼h¤Æ¡A¤£¹L¨ä¹ê¯u¥¿ªº¼h¦¸¤£¦s¦b¦]¬°¨CÓ²ÓM¸I¨ì°ò½¤¡C¤W¥Ö²Õ´¦³«Ü¦h¥\¯à¡A¤W¥Ö²ÓM¥i¥H¦³µÛ¹³ÀY¾vªºÅÖ¤ò¡A¥i¥HÅs¦±¡B²¾°Ê§÷®Æ¦b¬YÓ¤è¦V¡C¦b¤HÅ餺¡AÅÖ¤ò¤W¥Ö¶ñº¡©I§l¹D§âÂø½è±½¨ì³ïÄV¡A¨¾¤î¶i¤JªÍ¡C¤W¥Ö¦³®É¤Àªc¥X½uÅé¡A½uÅé¥i¥H¬O³æ¤@ªº¤W¥Ö²ÓM¡A¹³¸zùتºÂH²G¡A©Î¬O½uÅé¥i¥H«Ü¦h²ÓM¡C¥~¤Àªc½u§â¤Àªcª«¤Àªc¨ì¿é°eºÞ©ÎÅéµÄ¡A¤º¤Àªc½u«h§â¤Àªcª«¤Àªc¨ì¦å¬y¡C
¡@¡@¤W¥Ö²Õ¦¨¤j³¡¥÷°Êª«ªº¥Ö½§¥~¼h¡C³L°C©M½½¤ûªº¥Ö½§¬O½uÅ骺¡A·|²£¥ÍÂH²G¨Ó¼í·Æ¥ÍÅé¡AÀ°§U¨e̦b°®ªºÀô¹Ò²¾°Ê¡CµîÂΡB¤ôµí©M¸`¨¬°Êª«¡A¤W¥Ö»s³y¥X¤@ºØ¨S¥Í©Rªþ¦³«OÅ@§@¥Îªºªí¥Ö¡C³°¦a¤W¦³¯á´Õ°Êª«ªº¥Ö½§²ÓM§t¦³¨¤½è¯À¡A¯à«OÅ@¥Ö½§¥¢¥h¤ô¥÷¡C
¡@¡@¤W¥Ö²Õ´²ÓMÀ½¦b¤@°_¡A¥Ñ¤TºØ¤èªkµ²¦X¦b¤@°_¡Gºò±µ©M¡BÂH±µ©M¡]M¾ô¤pÅé¡^©MÁ_»Ø±µ©M¡]¬Ý¹Ï5.15¡^¡C¦bºò±µ©M¡Aì¼ß½¤³J¥Õ½èÂX¤j¨ì¾Fªñªº²ÓM¡AµM«á§â¥¦Ìºòµ²¦X¦b¤@°_¡C¥¦Ì¨¾¤î®ø¤Æ²G³q¹L¤W¥Ö²ÓM»PÅéµÄ¡C¦bÂH±µ©M¡A²ÓM°©Àf¦¨¥÷µ²¦X¦s¦b¨â²ÓMªº¤ºªO¡A¥i¥H§Ü©Ô»P§ÜÀ³¤O¡CÁ_»Ø±µ©M¬O¥Ñ¨âÓ¦P¼Ëªºì¼ß½¤¾ÉºÞµ²¦X©Ò²£¥Í¡A¥i¥HÅýÂ÷¤l©M¤p¤À¤l³q¹L²ÓM¤§¶¡¡C
Epithelial tissue is classified according to cell shape. There can be one or many layers of cells, and the epithelium can be ciliated and/or glandular. |
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¡@¡@µ²½l²Õ´³q±`¥Ñ²ÓM¶¡½è¤À´²«Ü¶}¡A¤@Ó«D²ÓMªºì®ÆÀHµÛ©TÅé¡B¥b¬yÅé©M¬yÅé¦Ó¤£¦P¡C
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¡@¡@ÃP´²ÅÖºûµ²½l²Õ´¤ä´©¤W¥Ö©M«Ü¦h¤ºÅ¦¡]¹Ï40.3a¡^¡C¥¦Ì¦s¦bªÍ³¡¡B°Ê¯ß©M»H¯Ö¡A¨Ï³o¨Ç¾¹©x¿±µÈ¡C¥¦Ì¤]²Õ¦¨«OÅ@½¤¨Ó«OÅ@¤ºÅ¦¡A¹³¬O¦Ù¦×¡B¦åºÞ©M¯«¸g¡C
¡@¡@±K¶°ÅÖºûµ²½l²Õ´¥]§t³\¦h±K¶°ªº¦¨½¦ÅÖºû¡A³oºØ²Õ´¦b¦³¯á´Õ°Êª«¨¤W¤ñ°_ÃP´²ÅÖºûµ²½l²Õ´¦³§ó¯S©w¥\¯à¡CÁ|¨Ò¡A±K¶°ÅÖºûµ²½l²Õ´¥i¥H¦b¸x§ä¨ì¡A§â¦Ù¦×ÂH±µ¨ì°©Àf¡C¦P®É¤]¥i¥H¦b¶´±a¥i¥H§ä¨ì¡A§â°©Àf±µ¨ì¥t¤@Ó°©Àf¡C
Loose connective tissue and fibrous connective tissue contain fibroblasts separated by a matrix, which contains collagen and elastic fibers. |
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¡@¡@¦b³n°©¸Ì¡A²ÓM¦s¦b³´ºÛùØ¡A¥Ñ±jµw¦ý¦³¼u©Êªº²ÓM¶¡½è¹jÂ÷¡]¹Ï40.3C¡^¡C¦³«Ü¦hºØ³n°©¡A¥Ñ½¦ì©M¼u©ÊÅÖºû¤ÀÃþ¡C¦b¤@¨Ç¦³¯á´Õ°Êª«¡A¹³ÃT³½¡A¾ãÓ¥ÍÅé³£¬O¥Ñ³n°©²Õ¦¨¡C¤HÃþ¦bL¨à®É°©Àf¬O³n°©¡A¤§«á´N´«¦¨°©ÀY¡C³n°©¦s¦bªø°©ÀYªº³Ì©³ºÝ¡B»ó¦y¡B¦Õ¦·ªº°©¬[¡B©I§lºÞªº¤º¾À©M´Õ¶¡½L¡C
¡@¡@¦b°©ÀY¡A¦³¾÷¶¡½è¯S§O¬O¶t¡A¦s¦b³J¥Õ½èÅÖºûªþªñ¡A¯S§O¬O¦b½¦ìÅÖºû¡AÄqª«½è¨Ï°©ÀY°íµw¡A¦Ó³J¥ÕÅÖºû¨Ï¦³¼u©Ê¡B¦³±j«×¡A´N¦p¿û±ø±j¤Æ¤ôªd¡C
¡@¡@¦b±K¶°°©ÀY¡A°©ÀY²ÓM¡]¹³°©²ÓM¡^¦b³´ºÛùرƦC¦¨¦P¤ß¶ê¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¤¤¥¡²ÓºÞ³ò¶µÛ¡]¹Ï40.3d¡^¡C¯«¸gÅÖºû©M¦åºÞ´N¬O³o²ÓºÞ¡A¦åºÞ±a¨Ó¾i¥÷Åý°©ÀY¯à´«°©¡A¾i¥÷¥i¥H¸g¥Ñ¤ÀºÞ¡]¤pºÞ¡^¶Ç°e¡A¤º¦³°©²ÓM¯à§â¤£¦Pªº¤ÀºÞ©M¤¤¥¡ºÞµ²¦X¡C
¡@¡@¤@®Úªø°©ÀYªº§ÀºÝ¦³®üºø½èªº°©¡A¦³µÛ¤£¦Pªºµ²ºc¡C®üºø½èªº°©ùئ³«Ü¦h°©±ø©M°©½L¥Ñ¤£¦PªÅ¶¡¤À¹j¶}¡CÁöµM¤ñ±K¶°°©ÀY»´¡A®üºø°©ÀY¥Î¨Ó±j¤Æ¡C´N¹³¤ä¬W¥Î¨Ó±j¤Æ¤j¼Ó¡A®üºø°©ÀYùؤñ¸ûµwªº³¡¤À¦³µÛÀ³¤O½u¡C
Cartilage and bone are support tissues. Cartilage is more flexible than bone because the matrix is rich in protein; bone is rich in calcium salts. |
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Blood is a connective tissue in which the matrix is plasma. |
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¡@¡@°©Àf¦Ù¦×¤]¥s¾î¯¾¦Ù¡A¥Ñ¸xµ²¦X¨ì°©Àfªº°©ÀY¡AÅý¨Åé°Ê§@¡C°©Àf¦Ù¬O¦Û¥Ñ³Q±±¨î¡A¦Ó¤ñ¨ä¥¦ªº¦Ù¦×§ó§Ö¦¬ÁY¡C°©Àf¦Ù¦×ÅÖºû¬O¶ê¬Wª¬¤]«Üªø¡C¥¦Ì²£¥Í©óµo¨|´Á·í´XÓ²ÓMµ²¦X¡A»s³y¥X¤@Ó¦³«Ü¦h®Ö¤ßªº¦Ù¦×ÅÖºû¡C®Ö¤ß¦bÅÖºûªº¥|©P¡Aè¦n¦bì¼ß½¤ùر¡A°©Àf¦Ù¦×²ÓMµø½uª¬ªº¡A¶Â»P«Gªº±ø¯¾¸òÅÖºûªºªø«×««ª½¡A³o¨Ç±ø¯¾¬O¦]²ÓMùئ³¦Ù°Ê²Óµ·©Mmyosin²Óµ·¡C
¡@¡@¤ß¦Ù¥u¯à¦b¤ßŦ¾À§ä¨ì¡At³d¤ß¸õÅý¤ß¸õ¥´¦å¡C¤ß¦ÙÅãµMµ²¦X¥·Æ¦Ù©M°©ÀY¦Ùªº¯SÂI¡]¹Ï40.5b¡^¡C¤ß¦ÙÅÖºû¦³µÛ¹³°©ÀY¦Ùªº±ø¯¾¡A¤£¹L¤ßŦªº¦¬ÁY¬O¤£ª¾Ä±ªº¡C¤ß¦ÙÅÖºû¸ò°©ÀY¦ÙÅÖºû¤£¦Pªºªº¦a¤è´N¬O¤ß¦Ù¥u¦³¤@Ó¤¤¥¡ªº®Ö¤ß¡C³o¨ÇÅÖºû¦³¤ÀªKªí±¤W¤¬¬Ûµ²¦X¡A¦Ó¤ßŦ¦ü¥G¥Ñ¤@Ó¤¬¬Û³sµ²ªº¦Ù¦×ÅÖºû©Ò²Õ¦¨¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤ß¦Ù¬O¿W¥ß¤À¶}ªº¡A¤£¹L¦b´Õ¶¡ì½L¥Ñ¥½ºÝ¬Û³s±µ¡A¤]´N¬O¨âºØÅÖºû¶¡¡Aì¼ß½¤¤¤ªºM¾ô¤pÅé©MÁ_»Ø³s±µ¡C´Õ¶¡ì½L¨Ï¯ß½Ä±q¤@Ó²ÓM²¾¨ì¥t¤@Ó²ÓMÅý¤ß¸õ¨ó½Õ¡C
¡@¡@¥·Æ¡]¤ºÅ¦¡^¦Ù·|³o³o»ò¨ú¦W¬O¦]¥¦ªºÅÖºû¯Ê¥F±ø¯¾¡A¶bª¬ªºÅÖºû²Õ¦¨¼h¦¸¡A¤¤¶¡¤ñ¸û«pªºÅÖºû¼h¸ò¾Fªñªº²Ó¥½ºÝ¦¨¤Ï±¡C©Ò¥H¡A®Ö¤ß·|¦b²Õ´ùاΦ¨¤@Ó¤£³W«hªº§Îª¬¡]¹Ï40.5c¡^¡C¥·Æ¦Ù¤£¬OÀH·N¦Ù¡C¦b¤ºÅ¦¡]¸z¡BG©M¨ä¥¦¾¹©x¡^»P¦åºÞ¤º¾Àªº¥·Æ¦Ù¤ñ°©ÀY¦Ù¦¬ÁYºC¡A¤£¹L¥i¥H°±¯d¦¬ÁY¤@¬q®É¶¡¡C·í¸zªº¥·Æ¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡A·|±aµÛ¹ª«¡A¦Ó·í¦åºÞªº¥·Æ¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡A·|À£ÁY¦åºÞ¡A´£°ª¦åÀ£¡C
All muscle tissue contains actin and myosin filaments; these overlap, forming striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle but not in smooth muscle. |
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Nerve cells, called neurons, have fibers (processes) called axons and dendrites. Long fibers are found in nerves. |
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The epidermis of skin is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. In this layer, new cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, die, and are sloughed off. |
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¡@¡@¥Ö½§¬O¤@¼h¤ñªí¥Ö§ó«p§ó²`ªºÅÖºûª¬ªºµ²½l²Õ´¡C¥¦¥]§t¤F¼u©ÊÅÖºû©M½¦ìÅÖºû¡C½¦ìÅÖºû²Õ¦¨ºûºÞ§ô»P¥Ö½§ªí¼h¥¦æ¥æ¿ù¡C¥Ö½§¦³´XºØ²Õ´¡CÀY¾v¡A°£¤F¾v®Ú¥H¥~¡A³£¬O¦º¡Bµwªí¥Ö²ÓM¡C¾v®Ú¬O¬¡ªº¡A¥Íªø¦b¾v¤pÅn¡C¨CÓ¤pÅn³£¦³¤@өΧó¦hªo¡]¥Ö¯×¡^½u¡A¥i¤Àªc¥Ö¯×¡A¤@ºØªo¿°ª«½è¥Î¨Ó¼í·ÆÀY¾v©M¥Ö½§¡C¤@ºØ¥·Æªº¥Ö½§¥s¾v¦Ù¥[¨ì¾v¤pÅn¡A·í¦¬ÁYªº®ÉÔ¡A¦Ù¦×¨ÏÀY¾v¯¸°_¨Ó¡C´N¹³·í§A§N©Î¤UµÛªº®ÉÔ´ý¥Í´N·|°_Âû¥Öª¸½D¡A³o¬O¦]¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY©Ò²£¥Íªº¥Ö½§°ï¿n¡C
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The dermis, composed of fibrous connective tissue, lies beneath the epidermis. It contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. It also contains receptors, blood vessels, and nerve fibers. |
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The animal body is organized; the organs have a specific structure, function and location. The performance of the organs of each system are coordinated. |
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¡@¡@ªk°êªºµÛ¦W¥Í²z¾Ç®aClaude Bernard¦b1859¦~«ü¥X¡A°Êª«ÁöµM¥Í¦s©ó¥~³¡ªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¡AÅ餺ªº²ÓM«o¥u¦s¬¡©óÅ餺ªºÀô¹Ò¡CÅ餺Àô¹Ò¬O²GºAªºÅé²G (tissue fluid)¡A²ÓM®û©ó¨ä¤¤¡CBernard»¡Å餺Àô¹ÒªºÃ©w¨Ï°Êª«¦b¥~¦bÀô¹ÒÅܤƫܤj®É¤´¯à¦s¬¡¡C¥t¤@¦ì¬ü°ê¥Í²z¾Ç®aWalter Cannon´£¥XÅ餺¥¿Å³oÓ¦Wµü¡C¥L»¡¦b¼vÅTÅ餺Àô¹Òªº¥~¦]»P½Õ¾ãÅ餺Àô¹Ò¥H¦]À³¥~¦bÅܤƪº¤º³¡§ïÅÜ¡A¤GªÌ¶¡¦s¦b¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¡C¦Ón¹F¨ìÅ餺¥¿Å¡AÅ餺ªº¦å²G¡BÅé²G¡BÊ^·Å©M¦åÀ£µ¥¥þ³¡³£n¦b¤@©wªº½d³ò¤º¡C
The internal environment of an animal's body consists of tissue fluid, which bathes the cells. |
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¹Ï40.9¡^¡C·í«ì´_¥¿±`®É¡A±µ¦¬¾¹«K¤£¦A°e°T¸¹¦Ü½Õ¸`¤¤¼Ï¡C¦¹ºØ¤è¦¡ºÙ¬°t¦^±Â±±¨î¡C¥Ñ«í·Å½Õ¸`¾¹©Ò±±¨îªº«Ç¤º¥[¼ö¨t²Î¥i¥Î¨Ó»¡©út¦^±Â±±¨îªº°Ê§@¡C¸g¥Ñt¦^±Â±±¨î¡A«Ç¤º·Å«×¥i¥Hºû«ù¥u¦b¤p½d³ò¤ºÅܰʪºªñ¥G«í·Å¡C¦³®É¥¿¦^±Â¤]·|µo¥Í¡C¬Y¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í·|¼W¥[¬Y¯S©w¤ÏÀ³ªºµo¥Í¾÷²v¡C¦p¡A·í¤À®Y¹Lµ{¶}©l®É¡A¨C¤@¨Æ¥ó³£¥Nªí¦¹¨Æ¥ó¤´·|«ùÄòª½¨ì¾ãÓ¹Lµ{µ²§ô¬°¤î¡CÅé·Å¦p¦ó½Õ¸`
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¡@¡@·íÊ^·Å°ª©ó¥¿±`¡A½Õ¸`¤¤¼Ï¦A«×¬¡°Ê°_¨Ó¡A«ü´§¥Ö½§¦åºÞ¿±µÈ¡C³o·|¨Ï¤ñ¸û¦hªº¦å²G¬y¨ì¨Åéªí±Åý¼ö¶Ç¨ì¥~±¡C¥t¥~¡A½Õ¸`¤¤¼Ï¤]·|¨ë¿E¦½¸¢¡A¦Ó¦½ªº»]µo¤]·|°§CÅé·Å¡A³Ì«áÅé·Å°¦^37«×¡C
Homeostasis of internal conditions is a self regulating mechanism that results in slight fluctuations above and below a mean. |